This manual has been written for:

• those who plan to plant a new orchard
• those who must take care of young apple trees and manage a high density orchard
• nurserymen who grow the trees
• those who in any way are concerned with the establishment, management and performance of high density apple trees.

The Central Leader in this manual has a set of scaffold limbs at the base with branches above it, called the spindle.
The spindle is a spiral of branches that become progressively weaker (softer) towards the top.
The guidelines for planting densities and tree training have been designed for growing apples on Central Leader in countries
that have hot and dry summers with high sunlight intensity.

Manual is 100 pages of information, photos and illustrations
File size: 5.5Mb
Updated and expanded July 2020